Biodiversity comprises all forms of life on earth. India is one of the 17 most diverse countries in the world. With only 2.5% of the land area, India has 7.8% of the globally recorded species. India is rich in traditional and indigenous knowledge, both codified and informal. This position has enabled us to maintain the treasure of agricultural biodiversity. Agricultural diversity is fundamental to agriculture and food production. Agricultural biodiversity is a vital component to cope with the unpredictable effects of climate change. But in recent times the development approach is disturbing and destroying biodiversity globally. The increasing rate of degradation of biodiversity in general and agricultural biodiversity in particular is a cause of serious concern in India. Seed is one of the critical inputs for agriculture. The response of all other inputs depends on quality of seed to a large extent. Bhartiya seed sector is the fifth largest in the world. It is valued to be over Rs. 21000 crores (approximately USD 3 billion) including both, public and privet sectors. Farmer’s seed is a third pillar of Bhartiya seed sector. Over generations, it has been a traditional practice of our farmers to save seeds for the next season and exchange them freely with fellow farmers. It is now well accepted that this traditional practice of farmers is the foundation of nutrition and food security, germplasm diversity and rural livelihoods in our country.